Aorta Abdillah A’laa, Ahmad Kholil, and Fadil S. J. “The Decline of Islamic Civilization In The Transition Era From the Ottoman Sultanate To The Republik of Turkey 1908-1938: A Historical and Socio-Political Analysis”. Batuthah: Jurnal Sejarah Padaban Islam, vol. 5, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 70-82, doi:10.38073/batuthah.v5i1.4024.