Ahmad Baihaqi, Fikrul ’Ilmi Nafi’uddin, & Onagun Rasheed. (2026). The Civilizational and Intellectual Legacy of Fatimah al-Fihri in the History of Islamic Education in Fez since 859 CE. Batuthah: Jurnal Sejarah Padaban Islam, 5(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.38073/batuthah.v5i2.6066