Yusrul Hana, M., Affan Ismail, & Ismail Hamid. (2026). The Social Hierarchy of Arab and Non-Arab Peoples in Classical Islamic History: A Historical and Sociological Analysis. Batuthah: Jurnal Sejarah Padaban Islam, 5(1), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.38073/batuthah.v5i1.4322